Internet Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internet Security - Essay Example For this reason, there are those small business entrepreneurs that resort to online help provisions. IT has been considered that online help provisions are much practical, more informative and more up building for those who are still starting as novice online business operators. Within the discussion that follows, presenting the different readings that might be able to support the need to understand what network security is and how free online training could help in proceeding with its application shall be better presented herein. The world of online business networking is indeed a very much inviting new arena for business owners who have both large and small scale entities which are designed to particularly generate profit for better income returns. This is especially true for small scale businesses. This is the reason why there are many individual network business establishers who are best able to consider the different possibilities of earning through online connections. How is this particularly done Through the systems of online networking, business owners are able to maintain proper contact with their clients, their possible outsourced workers and their partners from the different parts of the world. Do not be misled, yes, the business scales considered herein are those that of the small ones. Small as they are though, functioning through the internet involves several considerations upon the capability of each element of the business to perform well for its success is essential. The book of Rick Segel (2006) on The essential online solution: the five step formula for small business success mentions of the five most important considerations that online business owners should give particular attention to. According to Segel, these five steps enable even small scale business operators to gain the best out of the online networking systems that are expected to further fuel small time profit organizations towards the success that they all deserve to have (43). This is further supported by Edward Firegold (2001) as he writes about the Internet Infrastructure: a blueprint for success, the ultimate guide to understanding and delivering open source system online. Through this analysis, Firegold tries to point out the importance of using a well enabled system that would be able to support the functions of modern networking operations when it comes to business deals and transactions made and verified online. He further notes that there are certain transactions over the internet that might cause a small scale business to fail in the process of getting its clients' loyalty and trust (65). To avoid this particular matter from happening, the utilization of a user-friendly online operating system is essential (112). Surely, through adapting to a well-adjustable online operating system, even small scale business operators would be able to manage their online resources effectively. Meanwhile, Susan Payton (2009) discussed safety on online marketing procedures as she writes about the Internet marketing for entrepreneurs: using web 2.0 strategies for success [the small business management collection]. In this writing, Payton intends to show small scale busin

Advantages and Disadvantages of GMO Cotton Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of GMO Cotton - Essay Example The countries that we know for producing GM cotton are the USA and India although the product also has production in China, Argentina, Australia, Mexico, South Africa, among others. The major advantage of genetically modified cotton is that the plant is resistant to insect pests. More than 68% of the genetically modified cotton in China produces a substance that helps it to become resistant to insect pests. It is known as "Bacillus thurengiensis" toxin. There are a few problematic pests such as caterpillars that bore the cotton itself thus hard to fight. The European Union is yet to approve submissions made for the growth and use of modified cotton. There are problems that farmers in India are experiencing as the Bt toxin failed to work. The Bt cotton yields declined significantly as secondary pests invaded the cotton. The trouble led to the use of more pesticides on the plant plus the price for the cotton seeds went up by a large number.   Scientists suggest that the Bt cotton pro duces a number of beneficial insects which help the small-scale farmers in the production of cotton. China was the leading country in the study of the benefits of having genetically modified cotton. The toxin that is used is lethal to the bollworm that is usually a major problem for the cotton growers. There is a significant decline in the use of insecticides because of the reduction in the bollworm pest. The reduction in the number of pests means that the cotton produced in good health increases.

A Biographical Analysis Of President Bill Clinton Politics Essay

A Biographical Analysis Of President Bill Clinton Politics Essay For this assignment we chose as a subject: A President and his reign. We chose President Bill Clinton. We chose this subject, because we both once heard about Bill Clinton in the news and we also have read about him, but we didnt know a lot about him. So we were interested in the life of Bill Clinton and why he became president and what he has done for the United States of America. Our main question is: What has Bill Clinton done for the United States to keep the American Dream alive, when he was the president. We try to make a conclusion by the help of some sub-questions. Questions like: What were the most important decisions of Bill Clinton? And what were the initiatives of Bill Clinton. Early life Bill Clinton was born at the Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, in the state of Arkansas. Bill Clintons full name is William Jefferson Blythe III. His Father was William Jefferson Blythe Jr..His father died in a automobile accident three months before the birth of Bill. His mother, Virginia Dell Cassidy, traveled to New Orleans in order to study nursing. She left Bill behind by his grandparents, Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, in Hope. The grandparents of bill had their own grocery store. Shortly after her return in 1950, the mother of Bill married Roger Clinton. Roger owned together with his brother an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, also in the state of Arkansas. So the family moved to Hot Springs. In Hot Springs, Bill went to St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School and the Hot Springs High School. There were two influential moments in Bills life that were important for him to become a public figure. The first one was his visit to the White House where he met President John F. Kennedy. The other moment was that he had listened to the I Have a Dream speech of Martin Luther King. Both moments took place in 1963. College years Bill Clinton received a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service degree at Georgetown University in Washington D.C. in 1968. Also he won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College Oxford. In Oxford Bill studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics. He didnt received a degree there, because of switching programs and leaving early for Yale University. At Yale Law School, Bill obtained a Juris Doctor degree in 1973. At Yale he also met Hillary Rodham and they began dating. Bill and Hillary Married on October 11, 1975. And on February 27, 1980 Chelsea, their only child, was born. Bill took a job with the 1972 McGovern campaign and was chosen to lead McGoverns effort in Texas. He worked at the McGovern campaigns local headquarters in Dallas. In Dallas he worked with Ron Kirk (elected twice as the mayor of Dallas), Ann Richards (future governor of Texas) and Steven Spielberg (then an unknown television director and future filmmaker). Early carrier After his graduation from Yale Law School, Bill became a law professor at the University of Arkansas. After this he ran for the House of Representatives. He was beaten by John Paul Hammerschmidt. In 1976, Bill was elected Arkansas Attorney General. After this, Clinton was elected as the 40th Governor of Arkansas in 1978. He defeated the Republican candidate Lynn Lowe. In 1980 Clinton lost the elections from Frank D. White. The next two years Clinton worked on a comeback. He succeeded to become the 42th Governor of Arkansas. He had this position for six periods. In 1992, Clinton made himself selectable for the elections of 1992. The old President George H.W. Bush was seen as unbeatable, because of the victory of the Gulf War. That is also the reason why all kinds of Democrats didnt take part in the elections. During the pre-election, Clinton was up against the other Democrats Jerry Brown and Paul Tsongas. Clinton won the pre-election with the most of the votes. With this he won the nomination of the Democratic Party. He chose Senator Al Gore of Tennessee as his Running mate. Thanks to the bad economy, a tax raise and his charisma, Clinton won together with Al Gore the elections of 1992. The election of Clinton ended twelve years of Republican rule and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. Democrats were given full control of the United States Congress. After the Jimmy Carter presidency in the late 1970s, this was the first time this had taken place. Presidency First term 1993 1997 After Franklin D. Roosevelt, Clinton was the first democrat who was president for two full presidencies. Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42th President of the United States on January 20, 1993. He announced his intention to raise taxes to cap the budget deficit. Clinton unveiled his economic plan on February 17, 1993. His plan focused on deficit reduction rather than a middle-class tax cut. When Clinton took office as president of the United States, he signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. An act that made large companies to allow employees to take unpaid leave in case of a serious medical problem, pregnancy or when there were problems in the family. This was his first campaign promise he had fulfill. Another campaign promise of his was allowing openly homosexuals to serve in the army. Clinton had criticism from both left an from right. Left because the though Clinton was too tentative in promoting gay rights and right who dont allow homosexuals to serve the army. After a long discussing between Bill Clinton and the Pentagon, they decided to the Dont ask, dont tell policy. So long as homosexuals dont tell that they have feelings for the same gender, they may serve the army. Some advocates for gay rights criticized Clinton that he only made this campaign promise to get more votes, because the thought that he didnt went far enough. Clinton singed also in the law the Brady Bill, on November 30, 1993. This applies a five-day waiting period on the purchases of a handgun. Clinton expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit. This is a subsidy for workers with a low-income. Also during the 90s the Clinton administration pushed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (a public government sponsored enterprise) to support more lending in low-income communities. They also used the Community Reinvestment Act to push banks to do the same. In August 1993, Bill Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993. This act cuts the taxes for fifteen million families with a low-income, it mad tax cuts available to 90% of small companies and raised the taxes on the wealthiest of the taxpayers. The administration of Clinton launched the first official website of the White House, on October 21, 1994. The website was follow by three other version which result in the final edition, that was launched in 2000. The website was part of a wider movement toward communication were web-based. It opened the American government to more of the American people than ever before. Bill Clinton supported the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) by the Senate. He strongly supported free trade measures and most of his Democratic Leadership Committee allies, however there were a lot of disagreements in the party itself. The treat was confirmed by the Senate and was signed into the law on January 1, 1994. Between 1992 and 1994 the Democrats had a big influence. But during the mid-term elections of 1994, they lost the majority in the White House and the Senate. This was the first time in 40 years. The important reason for this was the failed attempt from Hillary Clinton to create an universal coverage using a national health care reform plan. This was the first major defeat of Clintons administration. To reduce illegal immigration, Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act. The U.S Commission on Immigration Reform wants to reduce legal immigration to about 550.000 a year. In 1997 Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch teamed up with Hillary Clinton and her staff to form the Childrens Health Insurance Program and they succeeded. Hillary also caused that the Adoption and Safe Families Act went through the Congress and two years later she succeeded in passing the Foster Care Independence Act. The President supported both. Second term 1997-2001

The Buddhas Four Noble Truths: A Logical Basis For Philosophy Essay

The Buddha's Four Noble Truths: A Logical Basis for Philosophy The Buddha Shakyamuni was born in the 6th century BCE in the area presently known as Nepal. During his 80 year lifetime, he systematically developed a pragmatic, empirically based philosophy which he claimed would lead its followers towards an enlightened existence. Buddhism is commonly called a religion; however, it differs from the usual definition of a religion in that it has no deities, does not promote worship of demigods, and is based on logical reasoning and observation rather than spiritual faith. At the heart of Buddhist philosophy is the Buddha's enumeration of Four Noble Truths: Dukkha (suffering), Samudaya (origin of suffering), Nirodha (cessation of suffering), and Magga (path to cessation of suffering). The Buddha's Four Noble Truths are based on archetypal traits that were elucidated through careful empirical observance and intensive introspection. These Four Noble Truths form a logically coherent set of axioms upon which the whole of Buddhism is based, and provide a solid foundation for a philosophy which is applicable several millennia after its formulation.{1} "What we call a 'being,' or an 'individual,' or 'I,' according to Buddhist philosophy, is only a combination of ever-changing physical and mental forces or energies...." - Walpola Rahula{2} In order to fully understand the Four Noble Truths, it is necessary to investigate the Buddhist view of the individual and its makeup. In some respects, the manner in which Buddhism deals with the mind/body problem is much more advanced than most religious views, and closer to science's understanding of the mind and body. Rather than postulating the existence of an eternal soul with no physical manifestation, the Buddha taught that the person is really a collection of five skandhas or aggregates. These include rupa (matter), vedana (sensations), sanna (perceptions), samkhara (mental formations), and vijnana (consciousness). The aggregate of matter encompasses all tangible aspects of the world. The aggregate of sensations is akin to the process of sensory input; e.g., the activation of retinal cells in the eye. Vedana does not include the process of perception, however; the act of perceiving the senses, i.e., recognition of external sensations, is within the realm... ...nbsp; The idea of the cycle of death and rebirth, a central tenet to both Buddhist philosophy and the Hindu religion, will not be brought into this discussion of the Four Noble Truths. While reincarnation was very important to Buddha's formulation of his beliefs, it is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for the Four Noble Truths to hold true. When examined from a purely logical and empirical basis, the Four Noble Truths are still valid without the introduction of reincarnation. {2} Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught. Page 25. {3} Sherab Chà ¶dzin Kohn. The Life of the Buddha. Page 19. {4} Sherab Chà ¶dzin Kohn. The Life of the Buddha. Page 19. {5} Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught. Page 29. {6} Sherab Chà ¶dzin Kohn. The Life of the Buddha. Page 19. {7} B. Alan Wallace. Tibetan Buddhism From the Ground Up. Pages 40-41. {8} Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught. Page 36. {9} Sherab Chà ¶dzin Kohn. The Life of the Buddha. Page 19.

The Definition of E-commerce

E-commerce is the buying and selling of products and services by both businesses and consumers over the Internet. Such practices have exploded over the last year as security has improved with more and more consumers now buying goods and services online. This coupled with the computer revolution of the late twentieth century has lead to e-commerce now becoming the buzzword of trade and industry as hundreds of companies are now moving online in an attempt to broaden their product range and direct contact with customers. Firstly we must understand why companies are being drawn towards selling their products online. An e-commerce site that is implemented well can significantly lower both order taking costs up front and also customer service after the sale has been made. For example being located on the Internet means that place does not enter into the marketing mix of an e-commerce company. As its customers will not visit the business, it means having a prominent high street location is no longer of importance; in fact a business can be set up in someone†s home (if space for storage allows!). Also when considering mail order companies there is no longer the need to endure the costs of designing, printing and sending out catalogues. These factors contribute to e-commerce companies being able to offer products at greatly reduced prices as overheads have been minimised. A company now has the ability to provide customers with a catalogue that has a far more extensive range than that of which any mail-order catalogue could provide. Recently Amazon have advertised that they currently offer more than 3 million books, to further their service they also give the customer the opportunity to read a description of every book supplied and also other titles buyers of the book have purchased. It is inconceivable to imagine all this information being provided in any catalogue that comes through the letterbox. So we now can see some of the benefits that firms encounter from locating on the web but what do the consumers get out of this? It is now far easier to collect market research and make reasonable comparisons as by using the Internet you have the ability to amass, analyse and control large quantities of specialised data. The Internet can give the opportunity for customers to try before they buy. For example the online record store Klik-Klik-Whirly-Bleep-Bleep gives the online shopper the opportunity to listen to any record before they buy it, an essential factor to regular purchasers of records and especially dj†s. There is also the potential of wider availability of hard-to-find products and wider selection of items due to the width and efficiency of the Internet. One such example being â€Å"Squaddies Online†, this company has developed its success by selling goods that are normal in everyday life in the United Kingdom but are sorely missed by those that are overseas for any great length of time. For instance amongst the current best selling items are Heinz Tomato Ketchup and HP Brown Sauce! The increase in the ability to undertake market research has inevitably led to the reductions in prices as more suppliers are able to compete in an electronically open market place. This increase in competition has lead to better quality and variety of goods through expanded markets and the ability to produce customised goods. When the motorbike company Dukati recently launched their online site they sold their stock within 31 minutes of opening with a popular feature being giving the customer the opportunity of designing the exact colour scheme of the bike. So far the benefits of e-commerce are outlined and you would be forgiven for immediately wanting to dream up your own way of becoming rich through the internet. But it is by no means plain sailing. Seven out of ten internet businesses located within the United Kingdom fail to trial their service before it is launched. Even then almost all are likely to have experienced problems and over a fifth are now experiencing significant customer service disruption as a result of sudden surges in demand or server overload. Hundreds of web sites and not just e-commerce services have been launched in the United Kingdom during 1999. The Pricewaterhouse Cooper group informs us on there website that this figure is set to explode to  £60 billion within the next three years. However market shares are going to be effected in ways previously unseen before through the failures of sites and service providers. Failure in e-commerce is not always going to be caused by poor products but rather by not building sites that are as efficient and usable as its competitors. For an e-commerce business to be successful it is essential that the sites are given thorough pilot tests so that faults can be found and also customer behaviour patterns can be learnt. It is possible that such a venture can take off as an amazing success however there is also the danger of overselling. This can cause potentially lethal consequences as if the server used is not big enough to cope with the demand then the site is likely to crash or be severly disrupted through overload. Indeed any e-commerce system should have some sort of early warning device to notify the programmers that there are problems as soon as possible. So far the e-commerce has only been covered in terms of the internet through use of the home computer. Digital television uses television to access a range of interactive services including e-mail and the internet. Once companies build websites to generate businesses they start to recognise the role the Internet could play in the communications process. However there are still worries that the Internet is still not receieving enough coverage in terms of those with access. However didgital television has the potential to cause a far greater impact. Digital television provides access to a larger target audience as its popularity is currently growing at an exponential rate. The large range of channels also means that communications can be tailored to suit the person viewing more effectively especially with the wide range of visual and audio devices at the sellers disposal. Security is not seen as the same potential mishap as on the internet as there aren†t fears hackers being able to break into sites and accessing personal information. By accessing the Open interactive service on digital television you are able to visit stores such as Next, Woolworths, WH Smiths and Dominos Pizza. All of which are firms that are highly reputable which will also give the customer confidence when using. However it is not such an easy options for companies as there is currently a high cost of entry when wishing to move into such ventures. Indeed currently companies are having to rely on the consumer having access to this technology E-commerce is growing at an explosive rate on the Internet. Before the end of this decade, millions of people will be buying, selling, bidding and advertising on a daily basis as the internet merges with other branches of the information highway. The new economies of scale that are evident for such companies drastically lower the cost of establishing and maintaining a successful company. It is vital that any business wanting to start up in e-commerce should continually examine the risks and opportunities created by such a venture. It is essential that designers make use of the technologies that are available. In the long-term the risks of lagging now are likely to exceed those of continuing with less then maximum adoption strategies. Currently the Internet does have its limitations that may not make it suitable for all ventures. However with the rate that technology is expanding the Internet will soon become â€Å"industrial strength† whereby it will be possible to comply with all requirements and safety regulations. This will also include what services can be accessed and by who. The emergence of Digital Television has also increased the significance of e-commerce as now even more people are able to purchase goods within a matter of seconds even if it is in a slightly different way. By encouraging e-commerce all sides will gain through lower prices and better quality. It is only a matter of time before e-commerce becomes an obvious part of our lives.

The Perceptions of American Women about “New Beauty Therapy Services for Kids”

The issue of beauty therapy among American women and sometimes men has been around for a long period that no one can really determine, however, the society has undergone great civilization/modernization and recently beauty salons for young kids have started emerging. These salons offer all sort of beauty therapy services ranging from manicure, pedicure, facials and many other beauty therapy services to young girls, due to the fact that the idea has not been in the market for along time the few salons that offer beauty therapy services to young girls charge a lot of money. Nevertheless, this new trend has received both positive and negative sentiments from the American public. I recently carried out a study to investigate the perceptions of the people towards this new idea. I developed a short questionnaire consisting of five questions and distributed them to ten literate and grown up women with young daughters between the ages of three and eight, within my neighborhood, Brooklyn. The questionnaire comprised of questions that were sensitive to various respondents’ perceptions as they allowed for the choosing of more precise answers. [Russ-Eft, D. F. 1980)] For instance, the second question required them to state whether they supported the idea of kids’ beauty therapy services or not, with answer options ranging from, â€Å"I strongly support, I support, I somewhat support, I strongly oppose, I oppose, I somewhat oppose. † The other three questions were depended on the answer to the first question and the second questions. The quest ions were dispatched through a reliable delivery method (hand delivery) and enough time provided for the answering of the questions, the respondents were also advised not to seek assistance from other people. As expected the survey yielded varying responses, with 80% of the respondents indicating that they are aware that kids beauty therapy services have been introduced in the market, while the rest indicated that they are not aware of the new service. Those who were not aware of the new kids’ beauty therapy services were discontinued from the interview as the answers to the rest of the questions depended on the knowledge of the new kids’ beauty therapy service. Interestingly only a paltry 20% of the survey sample who knew about the new kids beauty therapy services indicated that they â€Å"strongly supported† the new service and a further 20% indicated that they â€Å"somehow supported the new service. † 40% indicated that they â€Å"strongly opposed the new service† and the remaining 20% showed that they â€Å"opposed the new service to kids. † Since the answering of the other three questions of the study was dependent on the answer to question number two only 40% of the respondents went on to answer the remaining questions. This is so because the other three questions were meant to elicit the answers as to what needed to be done and what should not be done about the new beauty therapy service to the kids. It was therefore irrelevant for respondents who did not support the idea to continue answering the other questions as they were bound to give out unreliable answers since in the first place they did not have any interests on the new service. [Wentland, E, J. & Smith, K. W. (1993)] Out of the 40% of the survey sample that proceeded with the rest of questions (by virtue of their support to the new kids’ beauty therapy service) 20% indicated they have once or twice taken their young daughters to the kids beauty therapy salons while the remaining 20% showed they have never done so but they were planning to do so in future. Interestingly 30% agreed that indeed the services are good for their young daughters but they are being overcharged and therefore the charges need to be adjusted. The remaining 10% indicated that the charges were reasonable compared to the good beatification services done to the young kids. On the question of whether some services currently in the kids’ beauty therapy package should be scrapped, they all (100%) agreed that some services needs to be removed from the package as they just did not make sense to young kids. [Wentland, E, J. & Smith, K. W. (1993)] The overall response of the five questions was very reliable as it systematically and precisely gave out information on the perceptions of the respondents. From the results this is visible from the answers to question one through question five. The questions were also arranged in a logical manner to avoid clue giving, those who gave â€Å"NO† as their answer to question one were discontinued from the interview as the study was dependent on the knowledge of the issue being investigated i. e. new beauty therapy services for kids. Further, those who had their answer as â€Å"I strongly oppose/ I oppose/I somewhat oppose† for question two were similarly discontinued from the interview. The remaining questions of the survey were about what needed to be done or not about the new service and therefore it was in order to discontinue those who did not know about the service or support it. The main reason behind this was to avoid false and unreliable answers as those did not support the service did not have any business to comment as to what needs to be done or not about the new service. [Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980)] The simple survey comprising of five-question questionnaire gave out very precise information that could have otherwise not been possible if heavily worded questions were used. This helped the respondents to perceive the questions as not bothersome or requiring much of their time and energy and therefore they gave out correct answers according to their perceptions (or lack of them) on the issue being investigated. Again, the survey sample was small (ten literate women) and the questionnaire comprised of simple questions with instructions written in bold attached on core questions to help extract valid and reliable data. The language used in the questionnaire was simple and unambiguous, further still, the questions were very sensitive in order to extract finer details from the respondents, for instance question number two was very prompting to the respondents as it gave six options for answer. Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980)] In conclusion the questionnaire met all the requirements of the specific criteria of a good measurement i. e. reliability, validity, and sensitivity. It is reliable because that gave out results that could repeatedly be got if the same sample was to be used again; it was valid because it followed a systematic procedure and gave out valid results, and it was sensitive because it allowed respondents a more options for answers. [Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980)]

Colombia at a Crossroads essays

Colombia at a Crossroads essays Colombia is presently at a crossroads, Nazzi suggests, noting that since 1995 the dynamics of their civil war intensified with a tendency to escalate, partly due to the rise of paramilitarism. Sweig takes us further, to 2003, after President Uribes sweeping election victory during the fall of the peace process and the advent of a policy of "democratic security for the region. Through hard-line policy, Uribe has focused on three challengers- all on the US State Department's list of terrorist organizations: the insurgent Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the paramilitant United Self-Defense Groups of Colombia (AUC) and the leftist National Liberation Army (ELN). Sweig attributes Colombias friction to a mixture of terrorism, drugs, resistance and counterinsurgency. The FARC, the AUC, and the ELN battle the state, each other and society. The FARC and the AUC use the coca and poppy trade, kidnapping, extortion, and assassination; the ELN uses kidnapping and targets Colombias oil. Hence, Colombia is the murder capital of the planet with the third largest amount of people having been pushed out of their homes worldwide. Importing weapons globally, it exports eighty percent of European and US consumed cocaine and most heroin on the East Coast. Nazzi pinpoints those that oppose the peace process- landowners, the military, the middle class and the paramilitary, who transformed the battle with the rebels into a more complex, three-way interaction, President Reagan's shoddy "contra" war in Nicaragua and brutality in El Salvador were thought to have brought counter-insurgency to a hault. With the flick of a switch, Bush restarted it. Most agree that drug eradication in Colombia failed. The billion-dollar aid given to Plan Colombia in 2000 was offset by an increase in coca production; efforts to supply coca farmers with alternate means of sustenance failed. Washington&a...